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奥斯曼帝国的衰亡_[英] 尤金·罗根【完结】(21)

  联合派也曾对未来充满希望,但摆在他们面前的却是来自奥斯曼边境内外的种种威胁。他们担心阿拉伯人会被自己的民族主义运动冲昏了头脑,并把亚美尼亚人的政治抱负看成是对奥斯曼帝国存亡的一种威胁。安纳托利亚东部地区的各个行省曾是亚美尼亚人改革的目标,而且他们有欧洲列强撑腰;但这里同时也是土耳其行省的心脏地带。亚美尼亚团体跨越俄土边境的联系更加剧了分离主义对奥斯曼帝国的冲击。

  青年土耳其党人将俄国视作能对奥斯曼帝国的存亡造成影响的唯一也是最大的威胁。俄国对安纳托利亚东部地区、达达尼尔与博斯普鲁斯两海峡,甚至是奥斯曼帝国首都都虎视眈眈。它盼望奥斯曼帝国消亡已是尽人皆知。因此,奥斯曼当局不得不寻求友善的欧洲盟友联合遏制俄国的这种大国野心。直到时间进入致命的1914年,奥斯曼帝国梦寐以求的防御伙伴仍未出现,这最终把奥斯曼帝国拖入了一战。

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  [1] 烘焙师公会代表的话,引自Stanford J. Shaw和 Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 2:187.

  [2] 关于青年土耳其党,参见Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks: The committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969);M. SükrüHanioğlu,Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001);Erik J. Zürcher的Turkey: A Modern History (London: I. B. Tauris, 1993)。

  [3] 哈米德二世的话引自François Georgeon, Abdülhamid II: Le sultan calife (Paris: Fayard, 2003), 401.

  [4] 报道引自Georgeon, Abdülhamid II, 404; Cemal与Talat的部分引自 Andrew Mango的Atatürk (London: John Murray, 1999), 80.

  [5] 无名氏,Thawrat al-`Arab [阿拉伯起义] (Cairo: Matba`a al-Muqattam, 1916), 49.

  [6] Muhammad Izzat Darwaza, Nash’at al-Haraka al-`Arabiyya al-Haditha [现代阿拉伯运动的形成], 2nd ed. (Sidon and Beirut: Manshurat al-Maktaba al-`Asriyya, 1971), 277.

  [7] Darwaza, Nash’at al-Haraka, 286.

  [8] Zürcher, Turkey, 98.

  [9] 《柏林条约》第61条,in The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, ed. J. C. Hurewitz (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), 1:413–414. See also H. F. B. Lynch, Armenia: Travels and Studies, Vol. 2: The Turkish Provinces (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1901), 408–411.

  [10] Dikran Mesob Kaligian, Armenian Organization and Ideology Under Ottoman Rule, 1908–1914 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011), 1–2.

  [11] Lynch, Armenia, 2:157–158.

  [12] Georgeon, Abdülhamid II, 291–295.

  [13] 杰马勒帕夏声称有1.7万名亚美尼亚人被害;见Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913–1919 (London: Hutchinson, n.d.), 261.一位名叫Zohrab的亚美尼亚代表,曾为大屠杀官方调查团的一员,他给出的亚美尼亚死亡人数为2万名;见“Young Turk-Armenian Relations during the Second Constitutional Period, 1908–1914,” in From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, by Feroz Ahmad(Istanbul: Bilgi University Press, 2008), 2:186.另外,Kaligian在Armenian Organization中称,死于阿达纳大屠杀的亚美尼亚人介于1万到 2万人之间。

  [14] Zabel Essayan的Dans les ruines: Les massacres d’Adana, avril 1909 [废墟之中:阿达纳大屠杀,1909年4月] (Paris: libella, 2011), 译自1911年出版的亚美尼亚语原著,引自40页。

  [15] Kaligian, Armenian Organization, 45–47; Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 262.

  [16] 关于意大利入侵利比亚,见Jamil Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), 308–312; Mango, Atatürk,101–111.

  [17] 一位参加战役的土耳其老兵声称,奥斯曼军总共只有1000人。而意大利方面称,土耳其人在的黎波里塔尼亚和昔兰尼加有4200人。Philip H. Stoddard,“The Ottoman Government and the Arabs, 1911 to 1918: A Preliminary Study of the Teşkilât-i Mahsusa”(PhD diss., Princeton University, 1963), 205–206n174. 另见 E. E. Evans-Pritchard的The Sanusi of Cyrenaica (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), 104–124.

  [18] M. Sükrü Hanioğlu, ed., Kendi Mektuplarinda Enver Paşa [恩维尔帕夏的书信] (Istanbul: der Yayinlari, 1989), 75–78.

  [19] Mango, Atatürk,102.

  [20] Hanioğlu, Kendi Mektuplarinda Enver Paşa, 92–94.另见Georges Rémond, Aux campes turco-arabes: Notes de route et de guerre en Tripolitaine et en Cyréanaique [土阿营地:在的黎波里塔尼亚和昔兰尼加的行走及战争见闻] (Paris: Hachette, 1913)。

  [21] Hanioğlu, Kendi Mektuplarinda Enver Paş, 148–153, 185–188, 196–198.另见G. F. Abbott, The Holy War in Tripoli (London: Edward Arnold, 1912)。

  [22] Abun-Nasr, History of the Maghrib, 310.

  [23] L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453 (London: Hurst, 2000), 535–537.

  [24] Hanioğlu, Kendi Mektuplarinda Enver Paşa, letters of 28 December 1912 and 12 January 1913, 216–217, 224.


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