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大之至者谓之元-闲话元朝往事_班布尔汗【完结】(88)

  若云仰慕天朝,欲其观习教化,则天朝自有天朝礼法,与尔国各不相同。尔国所留之人即能习学,尔国自有风俗制度,亦断不能效法中国,即学会亦属无用。

  If you assert that your reverence for Our Celestial dynasty fills you with a desire to acquire our civilization, our ceremonies and code of laws differ so completely from your own that, even if your Envoy were able to acquire the rudiments of our civilization, you could not possibly transplant our manners and customs to your alien soil. Therefore, however adept the Envoy might become, nothing would be gained thereby.

  天朝抚有四海,惟励精图治,办理政务,奇珍异宝,并不贵重。尔国王此次赍进各物,念其诚心远献,特谕该管衙门收纳。其实天朝德威远被,万国来王,种种贵重之物,梯航毕集,无所不有。尔之正使等所亲见。然从不贵奇巧,并无更需尔国制办物件。是尔国王所请派人留京一事,于天朝体制既属不合,而于尔国亦殊觉无益。特此详晰开示,遣令该使等安程回国。尔国王惟当善体朕意,益励款诚。永矢恭顺,以保义尔有邦,共享太平之福。除正副使臣以下各官及通事兵役人等正贯加赏各物件另单赏给外,兹因尔国使臣归国,特颁敕谕,并赐赍尔国王文绮珍物,具如常仪。加赐彩缎罗绮,文玩器具诸珍,另有清单,王其祗受,悉朕眷怀。特此敕谕。”

  Swaying the wide world, I have but one aim in view, namely, to maintain a perfect governance and to fulfil the duties of the State: strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. Our dynasty's majestic virtue has penetrated unto every country under Heaven, and Kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute by land and sea. As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. This then is my answer to your request to appoint a representative at my Court, a request contrary to our dynastic usage, which would only result in inconvenience to yourself. I have expounded my wishes in detail and have commanded your tribute Envoys to leave in peace on their homeward journey. It behoves you, O King, to respect my sentiments and to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity for your country hereafter. Besides making gifts (of which I enclose an inventory) to each member of your Mission, I confer upon you, O King, valuable presents in excess of the number usually bestowed on such occasions, including silks and curios-a list of which is likewise enclosed. Do you reverently receive them and take note of my tender goodwill towards you! A special mandate.

  马戛尔尼非常失望地离开了中国,他没想到是这样的结果。他的结论是:中华帝国只是一艘破败不堪的旧船,只是幸运地有了几位谨慎的船长才使它在近150年内没有沉没。只需几艘三桅战舰,中国就会分崩离析。一个民族不进则退。

  通过两国君主这次短暂的接触,可以看到英王乔治三世和乾隆这两位君主的截然不同。乔治三世也自诩为“奉天承运”“拥有本国已经足以满足一切需要的非常广大领土”的君主,但是,他的志向是“促使全人类同受其惠”;而乾隆则自夸天朝大皇帝,和立宪君主乔治三世,实在是不可同日而语。

  乔治三世去世后仅二十年,英国的炮舰打开了封闭落后的清帝国的大门。

  乔治三世是一个善良的人,在英国历史上以英明仁慈著称,他生活简朴,但是,汉诺威朝父子斗的传统在他和他的儿子们之间也发生了作用,他管教儿子甚严,而他的长子小乔治偏偏是个生活放荡不羁的人,这父子俩格格不入,儿子对老子有强烈的逆反心理,乔治三世很是看不起他这个儿子,而小乔治也经常和老子争吵。

  乔治三世50岁以后,即1788年以后,开始有精神错乱症状发作,曾发作过五次,现在的一些研究人员认为他得的是卟啉症。1810年,乔治三世最心爱的小女儿阿米莉公主去世,1811年,乔治三世旧病复发,1811年以后,即乔治三世的最后十年,英国议会通过决议,决定由乔治三世的长子,威尔士亲王小乔治摄政,此时正是拿破仑帝国的极盛期,而此时的乔治三世已又聋又瞎,生活极为痛苦,还遭受着妄想症的折磨。在乔治王子摄政期间,1815年,英国取得了反法战争的最后胜利。

  1820年,乔治三世去世,年八十一岁。与东方大清帝国的乾隆一样,乔治三世也是统治时间最长的君主之一。

  在乔治三世统治时期,十八世纪中叶,英国纺织机械的发明和瓦特蒸气机的发明,使得英国开始了工业革命,而英国战胜拿破仑帝国,则使得英国成为世界上最强大的国家之一,并且朝着世界霸主的顶峰迈进,称霸世界的第二大英帝国,就要出现了。

  【正文】

  权力被限制,国土被分割,但作为国王的元宗倒是终于摆脱了数十年的武人权臣干政,成为了真正的掌权者,当然以我国历史惯用的说法,便是“元朝在高丽的代理人”了。

  至元十二年(1275年),元宗还都开京,高丽完全依附元朝。忽必烈命令高丽更改官职爵号,也就是官职爵位的名称都要相对元朝降一级,例如尚书省和中书省改为佥议府,枢密院改为密直司,御史台改为检察司,吏部和礼部改 为典理司,刑部改为典法司,侍中改为中赞,平章事改为赞成事。国王的自称由“朕”改为“孤”, “宣旨”改为“王旨”,臣子对国王的奏疏由“奏”改为“呈”,臣子对国王的称呼由 “陛下”改为“殿下”,国王储君的名称由“太子”改为“世子”。而最让高丽人难以接受的,恐怕就是废止了高丽的庙号制度,以前的“某某宗”是不许再用了,国王庙号都要改为“忠某某王”、“恭某某王”,例如“忠烈王”、“忠宣王”、“忠惠王”、“恭憨王”等等。这些庙号充满了藩属之国的低眉顺目,活着窝囊死了也窝囊,所以高丽人在暗地里还是给自己的国王上“某某宗”的庙号。


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