第八章 美国：心情矛盾的超级大国
1. “二战”后第一位总统杜鲁门解释道，“美国的外交政策坚定地建立在公平正义的原则之上”，“我们一定要努力把这一黄金原则应用到这个世界的国际事务中去”。艾森豪威尔曾是一位坚强的士兵，作为总统，他几乎用同样的话语来表达目标：“我们希望和平……在国家生活中扎根。必须有正义，所有人民都能感受和分享……必须有法律，所有国家都援用和尊重它。”因此，正如杰拉尔德·福特在1974年国会联席会议上所说：“成功的外交政策，是把全体美国人民的希望向外延伸，追求一个有序和平、有序改良和有序自由的世界。”Harry S. Truman, Address on Foreign Policy at the Navy Day Celebration in New York City, October 27, 1945; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Second Inaugural Address (“The Price of Peace”), January 21, 1957, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957–1961, 62–63. Gerald Ford, Address to a Joint Session of Congress, August 12, 1974, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Gerald R. Ford (1974–1977), 6.
2. Lyndon B. Johnson, Address to the United Nations General Assembly, December 17, 1963.
3. For an eloquent exposition, see Robert Kagan,The World America Made (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012).
4. Milovan Djilas,Conversations with Stalin, trans. Michael B. Petrovich (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1962), 114.
5. Kennan to Charles Bohlen, January 26, 1945, as quoted in John Lewis Gaddis,George Kennan: An American Life (New York: Penguin Books, 2011), 188.
6. Bohlen,Witness to History, 176.
7. 美国大使馆当时暂时没有大使。W·埃夫里尔·哈里曼已经离任，而沃尔特·比德尔·史密斯尚未赴任。
8. “X” [George F. Kennan], “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”Foreign Affairs 25, no. 4 (July 1947).
9. Ibid.
10. Robert Rhodes James, ed.,Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963(New York: Chelsea House, 1974), 7:7710.
11. A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, NSC-68 (April 14, 1950), 7.
12. John Foster Dulles, “Foundations of Peace” (address to the Veterans of Foreign Wars, New York, August 18, 1958).
13. George H. W. Bush faced a similar issue after Saddam Hussein’s forces had been expelled from Kuwait in 1991.
14. Shen Zhihua,Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War: Trilateral Communist Relations in the 1950s, trans. Neil Silver (London: Routledge, 2012), 140.
15. Chen Jian,China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 149–50. On the Chinese leadership’s analysis of the war and its regional implications, see also Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai,Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993); Henry Kissinger,On China (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), chap. 5; Shen,Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War;and Shu Guang Zhang,Mao’s Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995).
16. See Chapter 5.
17. General Omar N. Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, testimony before the Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, May 15, 1951, inMilitary Situation in the Far East, hearings, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., pt. 2, 732 (1951).
18. See Peter Braestrup,Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1977); Robert Elegant, “How to Lose a War: The Press and Viet Nam,”Encounter (London), August 1981, 73–90; Guenter Lewy,America in Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 272–79, 311–24.
19. “An Interview with the President: The Jury Is Out,”Time, January 3, 1972.
20. Richard Nixon, U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for Peace: A Report to the Congress, by Richard Nixon, President of the United States, February 25, 1971, 107. 直到这个时候，美国政府文件一直把中国称为“共产党中国”或泛称为北京或北平（国民党给这个城市的名称）当局。
21. Richard Nixon, Remarks to Midwestern News Media Executives Attending a Briefing on Domestic Policy in Kansas City, Missouri, July 6, 1971, inPublic Papers of the Presidents, 805–6.
22. See Kissinger,On China,chap. 9.
23. Richard Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, January 20, 1973, inMy Fellow Americans,333.
24. Richard Nixon,U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for Peace, 10.
25. Richard Nixon,U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: A New Strategy for Peace,February 18, 1970, 9.
26. Richard Nixon, U.S.Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Shaping a Durable Peace,May 3, 1973, 232–33.
27. Ronald Reagan, Farewell Address to the American People, January 11, 1989, inIn the Words of Ronald Reagan: The Wit, Wisdom, and Eternal Optimism of America’s 40th President,ed Michael Reagan (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2004), 34.
28. Ronald Reagan,An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 592.
29. Lou Cannon,President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 792.
30. Ronald Reagan, Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union, January 25, 1984, inThe Public Papers of President Ronald W. Reagan,Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
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