六 结语
东晋永和年间王羲之聚集士人而举行的兰亭修禊，是在中国古代史上与曹氏西园雅集、石崇金谷宴集并称的典范性士人雅集，且独具特殊意义。它是东晋门第士人将传统民间于三月上巳日在水上招魂续魄，执兰草以祓除不祥的习俗，转化为士人在春天万物新生之时，聚集于山水优胜处，酌酒赋诗的聚会。此会在崇尚自然玄学之风甚盛的东晋举行，因此诗文弥漫着清虚的气息，贴近时代的氛围。更特别的是，此次雅集留下王羲之典雅的书法，显现士人与景色、诗酒、书法交融的文化盛会，成为后世所追法、继承的典范。
随着时空的转变，唐宋士人的雅集，在继承旧惯之余尤有新的发展与变化。隋唐的科举取士，让新兴士人得以经由考试任官，形成政治社会上的优势群体；由于士人群体的扩大，人际关系更趋复杂，像同乡、同学、同年乃至同僚所建立的朋友之伦，既有相同文化背景，又有聚散离合情境，需要透过集会以交流情谊，相互唱和，经营人脉。因此新形态的聚会如耆老会、同年会因应而生。及北宋以后，更有诗社、曝书会、真率会，乃至乡饮酒礼、茶会等不一而足，士人交流频繁，内容增多。南宋以来，以繁盛的江南文化为背景，士人仕途壅塞，需广建人脉，获取荐举，以图升迁；更有众多不仕或低阶官员，为争取奥援或行谒求职，诸多功能与目的有别的诗社雅集等文化团体遂相继出现。出身富盛之家的士人，因收藏或鉴识《兰亭序》等书画文物成为名家，亦多借雅集性的聚会，共赏兰亭帖，书写题跋，鉴别真赝优劣，增进情谊。这些士人的雅集即使标榜兰亭，却不尽然在上巳日举行，其形式、内容更不全然与永和修禊切合，甚或多有歧异，而且多随性地联结或比较兰亭会，亦有新的诠释。因此，在日趋多元的士人交流活动中，兰亭仅成为象征性的雅集符号，未必为真实的模仿或继承。
宋元交替之际，由于南北环境不同，士人以兰亭为名的聚会在方式和气氛上也有显著差异。江南士人在既有诗社的基础上进一步强化组织。部分江南士人在政权交替之际，因曾经历战事蹂躏或心怀亡国之念，其集会弥漫悲怆，而南下任官的北方士人所参与的雅集则显得轻松愉悦。及蒙元统治稳定，江南士人渐渐认同新朝之后，因科举举罢不时，规模狭小，士人需以吏入仕或任职学校以求晋升之阶，多借雅集结交同道并争取仕进，这使当时雅集的发展较之南宋不仅毫不逊色，且有较强的功利取向。
宋元士人以不同名目进行交流的修禊雅集，其形式及精神已与东晋讲求质朴的原貌相违，甚至出现追求儒者精神的例子。元末，宋濂在家乡与友人尝试融合古代习俗与儒家积极致道传统的桃花涧修禊，正是一个有趣的案例。刘仁本在余姚试图恢复东晋追求自然质朴的续兰亭诗会，则是士人在长期形式化的聚会方式之后，欲返璞归真，追求雅集原貌的一项努力。
后记：本文初稿承陈雯怡、洪丽珠两位博士及邱逸凡先生提供修订意见，谨此致谢。
Exchanging Writings in the Polite Arts：The Lanting Gatherings among Official Literati in the Southern Song and Yuan Dynasties
Huang Kuanchung
Abstract：The Lanting Gathering（兰亭雅集）represents one of the ideal literary gatherings of ancient Chinese literati，which began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. While the well-known calligrapher，Wang Xizhi（王羲之），invited 42 Southern celebrities and held a classically elegant gathering on March 3 of Lunar calendar in Huiji（会稽），the Literati Group had altered an ancient custom of expelling filth and congregating unmarried men and women into pure cultural and artistic activities. According to the description of specific activities，many participants were engaged in writing poetry，producing aesthetic penmanship and simultaneously enjoying the delightful feast with wine. Some ancient records preserved the imagined scenes of the combination of poetry and paintings，which became an imitable model of literati gathering with elegant cultural activities in spring.
Moreover，as a result of imperial examinations in Tang-Song period and the rising of emerging educated class，the elegant cultural activities such as the Lanting Gathering had plenty variety of art forms and styles. The story of the Lanting Gathering based on well-bred literati from prominent families in the Middle Ages，were be inherited and then also be changed and innovated later，especially during the Southern Song and Yuan Dynasties. Due to sudden changes in politics and Socio-economic status，the types of literati assembly with abundant resources increased，and the cultural activities became ever more pluralistic and diversified. This paper aims to explore the associations of literati bureaucrats who named Lanting Gathering as joined organizations in the Southern Song to the Yuan Dynasty. The article is concerning the implication of the Lanting Gathering，organizational changes of the associations，and the mentality of literati in the subjugation occasion during the Southern Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Keywords：The Southern Song，Yuan Dynasty，Official Literati，Literary Gatherings，The Lanting Gatherings
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[1] 参黎臻《从人生趣味到诗歌精神——以两晋金谷诗会和兰亭诗会为中心》，《中国文学研究》2012年第3期，第52页；熊海英：《北宋文人集会与诗歌》，中华书局，2008，第1～11页。
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