40. 在撰写本书时，阿富汗仍不肯正式承认与巴基斯坦的边界；印度和巴基斯坦对克什米尔地区有争议；印度和中国就阿克赛钦和藏南地区争执不下，1962年还因领土争端打了一仗；印度和孟加拉国表示愿意谈判解决两国在彼此领土上几十个飞地的问题，但没有达成协议，还因在这些领土上巡逻的问题发生过冲突。
41. See Pew Research Center Forum on Religion and Public Life,The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010(Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2012), 22.
42. “European Russia,” or Russia west of the Ural Mountains, constitutes roughly the westernmost quarter of Russia’s landmass.
第六章 通往亚洲秩序之路：对抗还是伙伴关系？
1. See Mark Mancall, “The Ch’ing Tribute System: An Interpretive Essay,” inThe Chinese World Order, ed. John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), 63.
2. See Mark Mancall,China at the Center: 300 Years of Foreign Policy(New York: Free Press, 1984), 16–20; Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China,2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 197 202.
3. Ying-shih Yü,Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 37.
4. Qianlong’s First Edict to King George III (September 1793), inThe Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection, ed. Pei-kai Cheng, Michael Lestz, and Jonathan Spence (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 105.
5. 摄政王代乔治三世国王摄政，因为乔治三世得了精神病。
6. “The Emperor of China,”Chinese Recorder 29, no. 10 (1898): 471–73.
7.Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the First Session of the Thirty-eighth Congress (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1864), Document No. 33 (“Mr. Burlingame to Mr. Seward, Peking, January 29, 1863”), 2:846–48.
8. James Legge,The Chinese Classics; with a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vol. 5, pt. 1 (Hong Kong: Lane, Crawford, 1872), 52–53.
9. See Rana Mitter,Forgotten Ally: China’s World War II, 1937–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013).
10. “Sixty Points on Working Methods——a Draft Resolution from the Office of the Centre of the CPC: 19.2.1958,” in Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography, ed. Jerome Ch’en (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 63–66.
11. “National Intelligence Estimate13-7-70: Communist China’s International Posture” (November 12,1970), inTracking the Dragon: National Intel ligence Estimates on China During the Era of Mao, 1948–1976, ed. John Allen, John Carver, and Tom Elmore (Pittsburgh: Government Printing Office, 2004), 593–94.
12. See Graham Allison, “Obama and Xi Must Think Broadly to Avoid a Classic Trap,”New York Times, June 6, 2013; Richard Rosecrance,The Resurgence of the West:How a Transatlantic Union Can Prevent War and Restore the United States and Europe(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2013).
13. In a speech of February 13, 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced the Obama administration’s “Pivot to East Asia” regional strategy, the extent of which has yet to be fully elaborated.
14. As quoted in Zhu Majie, “Deng Xiaoping’s Human Rights Theory,” inCultural Impact on International Relations, ed. Yu Xintian, Chinese Philosophical Studies (Washington, D.C.: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2002), 81.
15. 由于德国实现了统一，第一次世界大战前欧洲的均势只剩了5个参与方。见第二章。
第七章 “代表全人类行事”：美国及其秩序观
1. “Speech on Conciliation with America” (1775), in Edmund Burke,On Empire, Liberty, and Reform: Speeches
and Letters, ed. David Bromwich (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000), 81–83. 伯克同情美国独立战争，因为他认为这是英国式自由的自然演进。他反对法国大革命，他认为这场革命破坏了几代人努力的成果，也破坏了自然发展的前景。
2. Alexis de Tocqueville, “Concerning Their Point of Departure,” inDemocracy in America, trans. George Lawrence (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 46–47.
3. Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,The Writings of Thomas Jefferson(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892–99), 8:158–59, quoted in Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson,Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 11.
4. Jefferson to Monroe, October 24, 1823, as excerpted in “Continental Policy of the United States: The Acquisition of Cuba,”United States Magazine and Democratic Review,April 1859, 23.
5. Jefferson to Madison, April 27, 1809, in ibid.
6. 对来自英格兰和北欧的移居者来说，在很大程度上是这种情况；而来自西班牙的人则把它主要看作有待开发的领土，居住在那里的土著人将转而皈依基督教。
7. John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity” (1630). See Brendan Simms, Europe, 36.
8. Publius [Alexander Hamilton], The Federalist 1, in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Mentor, 1961), 1–2. 这里的“帝国”是指拥有完全主权的独立实体。
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