9. John O’Sullivan, “Annexation,”United States Magazine and Democratic Review,July–August 1845, 5.
10. John Quincy Adams, “An Address Delivered at the Request of the Committee of Citizens of Washington, 4 July 1821” (Washington, D.C.: Davis and Force, 1821), 28–29.
11. Ibid.
12. “从东往西迁移”从理论上讲，是指世界统治权的转移，即最高政治权力宝座的时空变化：从巴比伦和波斯到希腊，到罗马，到法国或德国，再到英国和（摩尔斯设想的）美国。乔治·伯克莱（George Berkeley）在“关于美洲艺术和学识前景的诗歌”中就有如下著名的诗句：
帝国走向西行之路；前四节已经落幕，第五节是大戏的终点，最后往往是关键一步。13. Jedidiah Morse,The American Geography; or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America,2nd ed. (London: John Stockdale, 1792), 468–69, as excerpted inManifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion: A Brief History with Documents, ed. Amy S. Greenberg (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012),
14. John O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity,”United States Magazine and Democratic Review, November 1839, 426–27.
15. O’Sullivan, “Annexation,” 9–10.
16. See Amanda Foreman,A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War(New York:Random House, 2011); Howard Jones,Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
17. Foreman, World on Fire, 784. 美国武装部队人员从南北战争结束时的1 034 064人下降到 18个月后的正规军 54 302人、志愿军11 000人。
18. Fareed Zakaria,From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 47.
19. Grover Cleveland, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1885, inThe Public Papers of Grover Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), 8.
20. Thomas G. Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, and Kenneth J. Hagan,American Foreign Policy: A History (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1977), 189.
21. Theodore Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1905, inUnited States Congressional Serial Set 484 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 559.
22. Theodore Roosevelt, “International Peace,” Nobel lecture, May 5, 1910, inPeace: 1901–1925: Nobel Lectures (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1999), 106.
23. Roosevelt’s statement to Congress, 1902, quoted in John Morton Blum,The Republican Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 137.
24. Roosevelt to Spring Rice, December 21, 1907, inThe Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. H. W. Brands (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 465.
25. Theodore Roosevelt, review ofThe Influence of Sea Power upon History, by Alfred Thayer Mahan,Atlantic Monthly, October 1890.
26. Theodore Roosevelt, “The Strenuous Life,” in The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses (New York: Century, 1905), 9.
27. 当德国和英国战舰1902年向长期负债累累的委内瑞拉行进，准备强制收回一笔早就逾期的贷款时，罗斯福要求两国保证不得以追债方式寻求领土和政治扩张。但德国代表只承诺放弃“永久性”占有领土（留下了建立期限99年的租界的可能，如英国在埃及以及英国、德国在中国所做的那样），罗斯福于是威胁发动战争。他随即派一支美国舰队挥师南下，并把委内瑞拉海港的地图发放给媒体。这一策略奏效了。罗斯福保持沉默，好让威廉皇帝保全面子，退出这场危机。这个时候，德意志帝国在委内瑞拉的野心遭到了决定性重创。See Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), 176–82.
28. Theodore Roosevelt’s Annual Message to Congress for 1904, HR 58A-K2, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, RG 233, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives.
29. Ibid.
30. 为展示美国的力量，罗斯福本人亲自前往视察运河区建设工程，这是美国在任总统第一次离开美国本土。
31. Morris,Theodore Rex, 389.
32. Ibid., 397.
33. Roosevelt’s statement to Congress, 1904, quoted in Blum,Republican Roosevelt, 134.
34. Morris,Theodore Rex, 495.
35. Letter to Kermit Roosevelt, April 19, 1908, in Brands,Selected Letters, 482–83.
36. Roosevelt to Admiral Charles S. Sperry, March 21, 1908, in ibid., 479.
37. Roosevelt to Hugo Munsterberg, October 3, 1914, in ibid., 823.
38. See James R. Holmes,Theodore Roosevelt and World Order: Police Power in International Relations(Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2007), 10–13, 68–74.
39. Roosevelt, “International Peace,” 103.
40. Roosevelt to Carnegie, August 6, 1906, in Brands,Selected Letters, 423.
41. Woodrow Wilson, Commencement Address at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point (June 13, 1916), inPapers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 37:212.
42. Woodrow, Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace (January 8, 1918) (“Fourteen Points”), as quoted in A. Scott Berg,Wilson (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2013), 471.
43. 总体而言，美国先后与玻利维亚、巴西、智利、中国、哥斯达黎加、丹麦、厄瓜多尔、法国、英国、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、意大利、挪威、巴拉圭、秘鲁、葡萄牙、俄国和西班牙签订了这种仲裁协定。它还开始与瑞典、乌拉圭、阿根廷、多米尼加、希腊、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、波斯（即现在的伊朗）、萨尔瓦多、瑞士和委内瑞拉开始签约谈判。Treaties forthe Advancement of Peace Between the United States and Other Powers Negotiated by the Honorable William J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States, with an Introduction by James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford University Press, 1920).
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